China launched into orbit on Thursday a key module of its permanent space station, the first in a series of missions needed to complete the station by the end of 2022.

The three-module space station will rival the only other station in service, the International Space Station (ISS), which is backed by major countries including the United States.

In the past decade, China has conducted multiple tests via two mostly unmanned space labs, Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2, in the run-up to the construction of the space station.

Below are the key milestones in China’s space station project:

Sept. 29, 2011: The 10.4-metre-long (34.1-foot) Tiangong-1, or “Heavenly Palace 1”, was launched to carry out docking and orbit experiments. The space lab ceased operations in March 2016 and re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere in April 2018.

Nov. 1, 2011: The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched and rendezvoused with Tiangong-1. The Shenzhou, or “Divine Vessel”, was modelled after the Soyuz spacecraft designed by the Soviets in the 1960s, and is the main vehicle used by China to send its astronauts to space.

June 16, 2012: The Shenzhou-9 carrying three astronauts was launched. It docked with Tiangong-1 two days later, where the three astronauts lived and worked for nearly two weeks, a milestone effort in acquiring some technological and logistical skills and experience in running a space station.

June 11, 2013: The Shenzhou-10 blasted off with three astronauts on board. The astronauts, two men and one woman, spent 15 days on Tiangong-1.

Sept. 15, 2016: Tiangong-2 was launched. The space lab re-entered Earth’s atmosphere on July 19, 2019, after completing a series of experiments.

Oct. 17, 2016: The Shenzhou-11 carrying two male astronauts was launched and later docked with Tiangong-2. The astronauts spent 30 days in space conducting experiments.

April 20, 2017: China’s first cargo resupply spacecraft, the Tianzhou-1, or “Heavenly Vessel”, was launched. The automated spacecraft then docked with Tiangong-2.

April 29, 2021: China launched Tianhe, or “Harmony of the Heavens”, a key module of its upcoming space station.

Reuters